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XSLT processing error: XML parser error 4: not well-formed (invalid token)227163743pdfSuccess_of_RE_BD2.pdfSHAH ZULFIQAR HAIDER, PEng./docs/Success_of_RE_BD2.pdfAnalysis regarding the reasons for success of the Comilla Rural Electric Society-2 (Comilla Palli Bidyut Samity-2) in Bangladesh. <_created>2006-06-21 17:09:41<_owner>1550<_group>9<_origin>1view2710Adrian Ghilardi, Gabriela Guerrero, Omar MaseraGhilardi2007.pdfA WISDOM analysis was conducted in Mexico in order to: (1) identify fuelwood (FW) hot spots in terms of residential FW use and availability of FW resources for the year 2000, and (2) estimate net CO2 emissions from the non-renewable use of FW. WISDOM (woodfuel integrated supply/demand overview mapping) is a spatially explicit method, based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, which ranks a set of spatial units according to a group of indicators, in order to identify woodfuel priority areas or woodfuel hot spots. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, integrating full coverage national data on land cover classes, land cover change maps (1993–2000), geo-referenced population censuses (1990 and 2000), and a meticulous review of the international literature and Mexican case studies. Following a spatial multi-criteria analysis, 2395 counties (out of a country total of 2424 in year 2000) were ranked based on the number, density and annual growth rate of FW users; the percentage of households that use FW; the resilience of FW consumption, and the magnitude and likely trends of FW forest resources. The WISDOM analysis allowed the identification of 304 high priority counties (HPC), which showed a spatially aggregated pattern into 16 clusters. HPC cover 4% of Mexican territory and represent 27% of total FW consumption. We estimated that 1:3TgCO2 y1 are released to the atmosphere by non-renewable FW burning, a value that represents less than 1% of Mexican total annual CO2 emissions in 2002. The results of the analysis show that WISDOM is a useful tool for both focusing resources to critical areas where action is more needed and to obtain more accurate estimates of the impacts associated to FW use.<_created>2008-01-16 17:03:03<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2720Adrian Ghilardi, Gabriela Guerrero, Omar MaseraGhilardi2007.pdfA WISDOM analysis was conducted in Mexico in order to: (1) identify fuelwood (FW) hot spots in terms of residential FW use and availability of FW resources for the year 2000, and (2) estimate net CO2 emissions from the non-renewable use of FW. WISDOM (woodfuel integrated supply/demand overview mapping) is a spatially explicit method, based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, which ranks a set of spatial units according to a group of indicators, in order to identify woodfuel priority areas or woodfuel hot spots. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, integrating full coverage national data on land cover classes, land cover change maps (1993–2000), geo-referenced population censuses (1990 and 2000), and a meticulous review of the international literature and Mexican case studies. Following a spatial multi-criteria analysis, 2395 counties (out of a country total of 2424 in year 2000) were ranked based on the number, density and annual growth rate of FW users; the percentage of households that use FW; the resilience of FW consumption, and the magnitude and likely trends of FW forest resources. The WISDOM analysis allowed the identification of 304 high priority counties (HPC), which showed a spatially aggregated pattern into 16 clusters. HPC cover 4% of Mexican territory and represent 27% of total FW consumption. We estimated that 1:3TgCO2 y1 are released to the atmosphere by non-renewable FW burning, a value that represents less than 1% of Mexican total annual CO2 emissions in 2002. The results of the analysis show that WISDOM is a useful tool for both focusing resources to critical areas where action is more needed and to obtain more accurate estimates of the impacts associated to FW use.<_created>2008-01-16 17:03:22<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2730Adrian Ghilardi, Gabriela Guerrero, Omar MaseraGhilardi2007.pdfA WISDOM analysis was conducted in Mexico in order to: (1) identify fuelwood (FW) hot spots in terms of residential FW use and availability of FW resources for the year 2000, and (2) estimate net CO2 emissions from the non-renewable use of FW. WISDOM (woodfuel integrated supply/demand overview mapping) is a spatially explicit method, based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, which ranks a set of spatial units according to a group of indicators, in order to identify woodfuel priority areas or woodfuel hot spots. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, integrating full coverage national data on land cover classes, land cover change maps (1993–2000), geo-referenced population censuses (1990 and 2000), and a meticulous review of the international literature and Mexican case studies. Following a spatial multi-criteria analysis, 2395 counties (out of a country total of 2424 in year 2000) were ranked based on the number, density and annual growth rate of FW users; the percentage of households that use FW; the resilience of FW consumption, and the magnitude and likely trends of FW forest resources. The WISDOM analysis allowed the identification of 304 high priority counties (HPC), which showed a spatially aggregated pattern into 16 clusters. HPC cover 4% of Mexican territory and represent 27% of total FW consumption. We estimated that 1:3TgCO2 y1 are released to the atmosphere by non-renewable FW burning, a value that represents less than 1% of Mexican total annual CO2 emissions in 2002. The results of the analysis show that WISDOM is a useful tool for both focusing resources to critical areas where action is more needed and to obtain more accurate estimates of the impacts associated to FW use.<_created>2008-01-16 17:04:09<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2740Ghilardi2007.pdf<_created>2008-01-16 17:12:28<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view171685867pdfSparknetScenariosProceedings.pdfSparknet members/docs/SparknetScenariosProceedings.pdfSparknet (www.sparknet.info) is a multi-stakeholder interactive Knowledge Network focusing on how people, in the context of acute poverty, can gain access to better energy services and improve their livelihoods. The network aims to make available resources for policy makers, companies, and civil society on energy poverty in Southern and East Africa. These are published through the network website www.sparknet.info. Sparknet focuses on three key themes – Health, Gender and Forestry – and the relationship of these issues with energy poverty. Output includes detailed country reports, scenario analyses, and policy assessments. Two e-conferences are being held during the project – one on the scenarios, and another on policies. Sparknet held an online conference on future scenarios for household energy in Southern and Eastern Africa between 27 September and 7 October 2004. This document contains the proceedings from that conference, and includes 7 country papers, 3 thematic papers, and discussion summaries. The papers are also available as separate downloads. The conference took place online by email, and included access to a dynamic online conference management system: participants used their email addresses and were supplied with passwords to login in to the conference page. A number of downloadable documents, including the approach used to develop the rapid scenarios and working papers prepared by Sparknet members were made available to participants in the ‘Shared Web’ section of the conference website which were constantly updated. The working papers were on three thematic issues covered by Sparknet, namely Household energy and Health, Gender, and Forestry. ==Reference== ''Proceedings: Sparknet Scenario Online Conference 27 September and 7 October 2004'', Sparknet 2004<_created>2005-01-06 20:39:08<_owner>1<_group>1<_origin>1view18288690pdfSparknetPolicyProceedings.pdfMargaret Matinga, Eco Ltd and other Sparknet members/docs/SparknetPolicyProceedings.pdfSparknet (www.sparknet.info) is a multi-stakeholder interactive Knowledge Network focusing on how people, in the context of acute poverty, can gain access to better energy services and improve their livelihoods. The network aims to make available resources for policy makers, companies, and civil society on energy poverty in Southern and East Africa. These are published through the network website www.sparknet.info. Sparknet focuses on three key themes – Health, Gender and Forestry – and the relationship of these issues with energy poverty. Output includes detailed country reports, scenario analyses, and policy assessments. Two e-conferences were held during the project – one on the scenarios, and another on policies. This document contains the proceedings from the Sparknet Policies conference held in February 2005, and includes the conference summary and links to the 7 country papers, and 3 thematic papers. The papers are available as separate downloads. The conference took place online by email, and included access to a dynamic online conference management system: participants used their email addresses and were supplied with passwords to login in to the conference page. A number of downloadable documents, including the approach used to develop the rapid scenarios and working papers prepared by Sparknet members were made available to participants in the ‘Shared Web’ section of the conference website which were constantly updated. The working papers were on three thematic issues covered by Sparknet, namely Household energy and Health, Gender, and Forestry. ==Reference== ''Proceedings: Sparknet Scenario Online Conference 14 to 25 February 2005'', Sparknet 2005<_created>2005-05-10 17:18:11<_owner>1<_group>1<_origin>1view2670pdfhttp://www.she-inc.org/docs/80.pdfby Darwin O'Ryan Curtis, Boiling Point Magazine No 52, December 2006http://www.she-inc.org/docs/80.pdfSolar cooking technology has been around for decades, but has been poorly understood and has not been widely disseminated. Here are some ideas on what solar cooking is about, and its capabilities - as well as its limitations<_created>2007-04-07 05:19:37<_owner>2<_group>1<_origin>1view81500000htmlhttp://www.itdg.org/smokeHugh Warwick and Alison Doig, ITDGhttp://www.itdg.org/smokeSmoke in the home from cooking on wood, dung and crop waste kills nearly one million children a year. The total annual death toll is 1.6 million - a life lost every 20 seconds. It is a larger killer than malaria and is the fourth greatest risk to death and disease in the world's poorest countries. Despite this, little has been done to tackle this chronic crisis. In its report, i{Smoke: the Killer in the Kitchen}i, ITDG is calling for global action to save the lives of 1.6 million men, women and children lost each year to lethal levels of household smoke. The report available in PDF form (4.7 MB) at : h{www.itdg.org/smoke}h Or to purchase from ITDG Publishing: h{http://www.developmentbookshop.com/book.phtml?isbn=1853395889}h<_created>2003-11-27 09:42:32<_owner>1<_group>9<_origin>1view17950000htmlhttp://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/journal/environment/biocontaminants.htm Submitted by Orman Language School team: Sarah Adel Razek Mohamed Badr Abdel Mohsen Walaa Mahmoud Abdelmonem Sponsor and Research Supervisor: Dr. Abdel Hameed A. Awad Researcher Air Pollution Dept. National Research Center Dokki, Egypt http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/journal/environment/biocontaminants.htmAbstract Airborne dust, bacteria and fungi levels were determined inside four classrooms at Orman School building, Maadi, Cairo. Airborne dust was found at a mean value of 196 mg / m3 indoors whereas it was detected at a mean value of 361 mg / m3 outdoors. Airborne bacteria was recorded at a mean value of 3.51x103 colony forming units (cfu) / m3. Gram positive bacteria were predominant indoors. These types indicate the need of more adequate ventilation. Fungi levels were recorded at a mean value of 3.03x102 cfu / m3 inside classrooms. Pencillium, Cladasporium, Aspergillus and Yeasts were dominant isolates. <_created>2005-05-06 18:23:37<_owner>2<_group>9<_origin>8view165115436pdfSparknetScenariosZimbabwe.pdfE. Bore, from Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre, Energy Technology Institute – Zimbabwe as part of the Sparknet project/docs/SparknetScenariosZimbabwe.pdfFrom the executive summary: Zimbabwe has got very good programmes to address issues on provision of household energy. It has enacted the rural electrification Act that is pushing for extension of the grid to the rural areas in Zimbabwe driven by the Rural Electrification Agency that is funded through a 6% rural electrification levy charged to all electricity consumers in Zimbabwe. The renewable energy unit in the Ministry of Power and energy Development has identified more than 10 sites for stand-alone small hydropower stations in the Eastern highlands. They are also looking at extending the solar home systems project that proved to be successful through a pilot project that was successfully completed in 1998. The Unit would also like to promote the use of biogas technologies and raise awareness on IAP risks and encourage use of more efficient biomass stoves in the rural areas where the multi-pot metal grate stove is mostly used. What is currently affecting these programs is the lack of foreign currency required to purchase equipment and accessories required in grid extension. There is also very limited funding for the projects that need to be undertaken in the Renewable energy unit. Donor flight and lack of investor confidence in Zimbabwe’s macro environment and political ideologies and practices has resulted in the government being the only source of funding for all these and all other major projects in the country. The problem of foreign currency shortages has also limited accessibility of other energy forms that include LPG and kerosene. The wide use of biomass by the rural communities has seen women and children spending a lot of time in collecting firewood and preparing meals. The use of inefficient biomass stoves has also seen the prevalence of ALRI due to IAP. This has seen the women and children being further burdened by having to care for the sick. The time spend in collecting firewood, preparing meals and looking after the sick leaves very little time to embark on income generating projects. The accessible energy forms are also not very appropriate for these purposes. This has resulted in increasing poverty in the country. Zimbabwe has also got in place a very good forestry protection programme. With limited resources, economic hardships and the Agrarian reform programme, enforcement has slackened a bit. Despite all the good plans as stated above, the constraining factor in Zimbabwe is the capitalization for all the projects and the foreign currency to purchase equipment for the solar electrification, rural electrification and expansion of the generating capacity for Hwange and Kariba power stations. There is also need to encourage downstream projects with the RE programme to improve livelihoods. There is also need to create an enabling environment that will attract foreign investors and create employment so that the energy forms will be affordable. There is also need to improve distribution systems for all energy form that include LPG and kerosene. ==Reference== '''Scenario Analysis - Zimbabwe''' by E. Bore, Sparknet 2004 <_created>2004-12-10 17:31:29<_owner>1<_group>1<_origin>1view162115957pdfSparknetScenariosZambia.pdfGeoffrey Musonda from EECZ as part of the Sparknet project/docs/SparknetScenariosZambia.pdfFrom the executive summary: Except for petroleum, which is wholly imported, Zambia is endowed with many types of energy resources including woodfuel, hydropower, coal and renewable energy sources. Woodlands and forests are estimated to cover 50 million hectares, that is, 66% of total land area. Woodfuel in the form of firewood and charcoal is the principal source of energy in the country. The national hydropower potential is estimated at 6000 MW and the installed capacity is only about 1700 MW. Petroleum is the only major source that is wholly imported. Established infrastructure include among other things the 1,704 km TAZAMA pipeline and the INDENI refinery. The proven coal reserves at Maamba exceed 30 million tonnes. Zambia is endowed with a variety of renewable energy resources such as solar, mini hydro and wind, some of which occur in large quantities though they remain largely untapped. Despite the abundant energy resources distribution of modern energy resources has been poor for sometime now resulting in poor households relaying on traditional fuels which are normally dirty. This scenario has lead to indoor pollution and has resulted in respiratory infections especially in mothers and children. Women and children have to travel long distances to gather firewood and have very little time left for other income generation activities. The use of inefficient biomass stoves has also seen the prevalence of ALRI due to IAP. This has seen the women and children being further burdened by having to care for the sick. The time spent in collecting firewood, preparing meals and looking after the sick leaves very little time to embark on income generating projects. The accessible energy forms are also not very appropriate for these purposes. This has resulted in increasing poverty in the country. Domestic energy has not received the same attention in terms of policy as industrial and commercial sectors. Accessibility of to energy resources has been limited in some cases due to poor infrastructure and low disposable incomes of most of the poor households. The attainment of macroeconomic stability has continued to be elusive due to the effects of unsustainable fiscal deficits and occasional exogenous shocks. Real GDP growth was 3.3% in 2002 and 5.1% (expected) in 2003. In 2003, the recovery of agriculture largely explains the expected pick up in growth. The growth rates are however still dismally low to make any significant impact on headcount poverty which is about 73% as indicated in the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey II. Due to a sharp acceleration in food prices arising from the drought, the 12-month inflation rate shot up to 26.7% in 2002 from 18.7% in 2001. In 2003, 12-month inflation fell to 17.2%. This is however, still high considering the year target of a single digit figure. Zambia’s external debt overhang continues to be enormous. As at June 2003, the external debt stock stood at US$ 6,862.6 million or 182% of GDP. The poor economy has made the choice of energy be very limited for the poor households. The setting up of the Rural Electrification Authority brings a ray of hope that rural electrification can be accelerated. It is also hoped that new hydropower generation plants will be constructed to avert the impending power shortages in the Southern African Power Pool. This is expected to increase the electrification rate and hopefully benefit the poor households. The efforts being made by the Ministry of Energy and water Development to promote usage of LPG and gel fuel will help to reduce dependence on charcoal in urban areas. ==Reference== '''Scenario Analysis - Zambia''' by Geoffrey Musonda, Sparknet 2004 <_created>2004-12-10 17:21:47<_owner>1<_group>1<_origin>1viewhomelibraryHEDON homeHEDON forum searchHEDON forum helpHEDON forum startHEDON forum contentsAbout HEDONHEDON copyright notice