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XSLT processing error: XML parser error 4: not well-formed (invalid token)262160000pdfhttp://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jiec.2006.10.3.89Glen P. Peters Postdoctoral researcher in the Industrial Ecology Programme of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway. Edgar G. Hertwich Director of the Industrial Ecology Programme http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jiec.2006.10.3.89A promising way to reduce environmental impacts of consumer expenditure is through the encouragement of more sustainable consumption patterns. Consumers cause environmental impacts both directly, such as by fuel use in personal cars, and indirectly, by paying for the production of consumables. With increased international trade, the indirect environmental impacts are difficult to determine because a portion of the emissions occurs in different geographical regions. Many previous studies have unrealistically assumed that imports are produced using domestic production technology. For countries with diverging technology and energy mixes the likely errors are significant. This study applies a methodology that explicitly includes technology differences to the case of Norwegian households. It is found that a significant portion of pollution is embodied in Norwegian household imports. Further, a disproportionately large amount of pollution is embodied in imports from developing countries. Overall, as in previous studies, we find that mobility and food are most important in terms of household environmental impacts. By analyzing the imports in more detail we find that for some sectors the majority of emissions occur in foreign regions; in particular, this is true for food, business services, clothing, chemicals, furniture, cars, agriculture, textiles, and most manufactured products. <_created>2006-11-06 03:28:13<_owner>2<_group>9<_origin>1view2641055711pdfBluwaveEthanolStoveAssessment.pdfJames Robinson/docs/BluwaveEthanolStoveAssessment.pdfMalawi is one of the world's least developed countries where population pressures and an over reliance on traditional biomass fuels have led to deforestation. The combustion of unsustainably harvested biomass releases large quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and when burnt indoors has been strongly linked to acute respiratory infections, a major cause of death in developing countries. This report presents an assessment of the SuperBlu Stove, developed to use bio-ethanol already produced in Malawi from sugar industry waste as part of a fuel-blending programme. The stove was evaluated against an improved ceramic charcoal stove with both units undergoing field testing in twenty peri-urban households as well as safety, water boiling and controlled cook tests. The prototype stove was found to be potentially appropriate for use but suffered from manufacturing problems, with further work required on safety, performance and emissions. However, the SuperBlu Stove can be made appropriate with some seemingly achievable development. For the stove to be made both affordable and accessible to users, the ethanol market would need some marked changes to reduce price, increase available volumes and develop alternative feedstocks. n{User:James Robinson|James Robinson}n, October 2006<_created>2007-03-02 11:21:48<_owner>1202<_group>9<_origin>1view265200000pdfhttp://www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/South%20Asian%20ICS%20V1.1%2009-26-06.pdfNora Greenglass and Kirk R. Smith Woods Hole Research Center http://www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/South%20Asian%20ICS%20V1.1%2009-26-06.pdfNora Greenglass and Kirk R. Smith Woods Hole Research Center (http://www.whrc.org) Prepared for the WHRC/IIMB Project, Clean Energy Technologies: Sustainable Development and Climate Co-Benefits in India (CETSCO) This is an overview of all the recent cokstove programs which have been or are bing implemented in South Asia. <_created>2007-03-17 11:02:09<_owner>2<_group>9<_origin>1view2670pdfhttp://www.she-inc.org/docs/80.pdfby Darwin O'Ryan Curtis, Boiling Point Magazine No 52, December 2006http://www.she-inc.org/docs/80.pdfSolar cooking technology has been around for decades, but has been poorly understood and has not been widely disseminated. Here are some ideas on what solar cooking is about, and its capabilities - as well as its limitations<_created>2007-04-07 05:19:37<_owner>2<_group>1<_origin>1view2690ghilardi2007.pdf<_created>2008-01-16 16:56:23<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2701652743pdfMasera2006.pdf/docs/Masera2006.pdf<_created>2008-01-16 16:57:42<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2710Adrian Ghilardi, Gabriela Guerrero, Omar MaseraGhilardi2007.pdfA WISDOM analysis was conducted in Mexico in order to: (1) identify fuelwood (FW) hot spots in terms of residential FW use and availability of FW resources for the year 2000, and (2) estimate net CO2 emissions from the non-renewable use of FW. WISDOM (woodfuel integrated supply/demand overview mapping) is a spatially explicit method, based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, which ranks a set of spatial units according to a group of indicators, in order to identify woodfuel priority areas or woodfuel hot spots. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, integrating full coverage national data on land cover classes, land cover change maps (1993–2000), geo-referenced population censuses (1990 and 2000), and a meticulous review of the international literature and Mexican case studies. Following a spatial multi-criteria analysis, 2395 counties (out of a country total of 2424 in year 2000) were ranked based on the number, density and annual growth rate of FW users; the percentage of households that use FW; the resilience of FW consumption, and the magnitude and likely trends of FW forest resources. The WISDOM analysis allowed the identification of 304 high priority counties (HPC), which showed a spatially aggregated pattern into 16 clusters. HPC cover 4% of Mexican territory and represent 27% of total FW consumption. We estimated that 1:3TgCO2 y1 are released to the atmosphere by non-renewable FW burning, a value that represents less than 1% of Mexican total annual CO2 emissions in 2002. The results of the analysis show that WISDOM is a useful tool for both focusing resources to critical areas where action is more needed and to obtain more accurate estimates of the impacts associated to FW use.<_created>2008-01-16 17:03:03<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2720Adrian Ghilardi, Gabriela Guerrero, Omar MaseraGhilardi2007.pdfA WISDOM analysis was conducted in Mexico in order to: (1) identify fuelwood (FW) hot spots in terms of residential FW use and availability of FW resources for the year 2000, and (2) estimate net CO2 emissions from the non-renewable use of FW. WISDOM (woodfuel integrated supply/demand overview mapping) is a spatially explicit method, based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, which ranks a set of spatial units according to a group of indicators, in order to identify woodfuel priority areas or woodfuel hot spots. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, integrating full coverage national data on land cover classes, land cover change maps (1993–2000), geo-referenced population censuses (1990 and 2000), and a meticulous review of the international literature and Mexican case studies. Following a spatial multi-criteria analysis, 2395 counties (out of a country total of 2424 in year 2000) were ranked based on the number, density and annual growth rate of FW users; the percentage of households that use FW; the resilience of FW consumption, and the magnitude and likely trends of FW forest resources. The WISDOM analysis allowed the identification of 304 high priority counties (HPC), which showed a spatially aggregated pattern into 16 clusters. HPC cover 4% of Mexican territory and represent 27% of total FW consumption. We estimated that 1:3TgCO2 y1 are released to the atmosphere by non-renewable FW burning, a value that represents less than 1% of Mexican total annual CO2 emissions in 2002. The results of the analysis show that WISDOM is a useful tool for both focusing resources to critical areas where action is more needed and to obtain more accurate estimates of the impacts associated to FW use.<_created>2008-01-16 17:03:22<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2730Adrian Ghilardi, Gabriela Guerrero, Omar MaseraGhilardi2007.pdfA WISDOM analysis was conducted in Mexico in order to: (1) identify fuelwood (FW) hot spots in terms of residential FW use and availability of FW resources for the year 2000, and (2) estimate net CO2 emissions from the non-renewable use of FW. WISDOM (woodfuel integrated supply/demand overview mapping) is a spatially explicit method, based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, which ranks a set of spatial units according to a group of indicators, in order to identify woodfuel priority areas or woodfuel hot spots. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, integrating full coverage national data on land cover classes, land cover change maps (1993–2000), geo-referenced population censuses (1990 and 2000), and a meticulous review of the international literature and Mexican case studies. Following a spatial multi-criteria analysis, 2395 counties (out of a country total of 2424 in year 2000) were ranked based on the number, density and annual growth rate of FW users; the percentage of households that use FW; the resilience of FW consumption, and the magnitude and likely trends of FW forest resources. The WISDOM analysis allowed the identification of 304 high priority counties (HPC), which showed a spatially aggregated pattern into 16 clusters. HPC cover 4% of Mexican territory and represent 27% of total FW consumption. We estimated that 1:3TgCO2 y1 are released to the atmosphere by non-renewable FW burning, a value that represents less than 1% of Mexican total annual CO2 emissions in 2002. The results of the analysis show that WISDOM is a useful tool for both focusing resources to critical areas where action is more needed and to obtain more accurate estimates of the impacts associated to FW use.<_created>2008-01-16 17:04:09<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2740Ghilardi2007.pdf<_created>2008-01-16 17:12:28<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view2750Ghilardi2007.pdf<_created>2008-01-16 17:17:15<_owner>2296<_group>1<_origin>1view27763000htmlhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/8/10M Edelstein , E Pitchforth , G Asres , M Silverman and N Kulkarni http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/8/10The research paper was published in BMC International Health and Human Rights 2008, 8:10 ==Abstract== ===Background=== The burning of biomass fuels results in exposure to high levels of indoor air pollution, with consequent health effects. Possible interventions to reduce the exposure include changing cooking practices and introduction of smoke-free stoves supported by health education. Social, cultural and financial constraints are major challenges to implementation and success of interventions. The objective of this study is to determine awareness of women in Gondar, Ethiopia to the harmful health effects of cooking smoke and to assess their willingness to change cooking practices. ===Methods=== We used a single, administered questionnaire which included questions on household circumstances, general health, awareness of health impact of cooking smoke and willingness to change. We interviewed 15 women from each of rural, urban-traditional and middle class backgrounds. ===Results=== Eighty percent of rural women cooked indoors using biomass fuel with no ventilation. Rural women reported two to three times more respiratory disease in their children and in themselves compared to the other two groups. Although aware of the negative effect of smoke on their own health, only 20% of participants realised it caused problems in children, and 13% thought it was a cause for concern. Once aware of adverse effects, women were willing to change cooking practices but were unable to afford cleaner fuels or improved stoves. ===Conclusion=== Increasing the awareness of the health-effects of indoor biomass cooking smoke may be the first step in implementing a programme to reduce exposure.<_created>2008-09-04 11:57:28<_owner>2<_group>1<_origin>1viewhomelibraryHEDON homeHEDON forum searchHEDON forum helpHEDON forum startHEDON forum contentsAbout HEDONHEDON copyright notice